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Section summary

  • Statics plays an important part in understanding everyday strains in our muscles and bones.
  • Many lever systems in the body have a mechanical advantage of significantly less than one, as many of our muscles are attached close to joints.
  • Someone with good posture stands or sits in such as way that their center of gravity lies directly above the pivot point in their hips, thereby avoiding back strain and damage to disks.

Conceptual questions

Why are the forces exerted on the outside world by the limbs of our bodies usually much smaller than the forces exerted by muscles inside the body?

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Explain why the forces in our joints are several times larger than the forces we exert on the outside world with our limbs. Can these forces be even greater than muscle forces?

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Certain types of dinosaurs were bipedal (walked on two legs). What is a good reason that these creatures invariably had long tails if they had long necks?

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Swimmers and athletes during competition need to go through certain postures at the beginning of the race. Consider the balance of the person and why start-offs are so important for races.

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If the maximum force the biceps muscle can exert is 1000 N, can we pick up an object that weighs 1000 N? Explain your answer.

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Suppose the biceps muscle was attached through tendons to the upper arm close to the elbow and the forearm near the wrist. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of this type of construction for the motion of the arm?

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Explain one of the reasons why pregnant women often suffer from back strain late in their pregnancy.

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Problems&Exercises

Verify that the force in the elbow joint in [link] is 407 N, as stated in the text.

F B = 470 N; r 1 = 4.00 cm; w a = 2.50 kg; r 2 = 16.0 cm; w b = 4.00 kg; r 3 = 38.0 cm F E = w a r 2 r 1 1 + w b r 3 r 1 1 = 2.50 kg 9.80 m / s 2 16.0 cm 4.0 cm 1 + 4.00 kg 9.80 m / s 2 38.0 cm 4.00 cm 1 = 407 N alignl { stack { size 12{F rSub { size 8{B} } ="470"" N ; "r rSub { size 8{1} } =4 cdot "00"" cm ; "w rSub { size 8{a} } =2 cdot "50"" kg ;"} {} #r rSub { size 8{2} } ="16" cdot 0" cm ;" {} # w rSub { size 8{b} } =4 cdot "00"" kg ; "r rSub { size 8{3} } ="38" cdot 0" cm" {} #F rSub { size 8{E} } times r rSub { size 8{1} } =w rSub { size 8{a} } left ( { {r rSub { size 8{2} } } over {r rSub { size 8{1} } } } - 1 right )+w rSub { size 8{b} } left ( { {r rSub { size 8{3} } } over {r rSub { size 8{1} } } } - 1 right ) {} # = left (2 cdot "50 kg" right ) left (9 cdot "80 " {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } right ) left ( { {"16" cdot "0 cm"} over {4 cdot "0 cm"} } - 1 right ) {} #+ left (4 cdot "00 kg" right ) left (9 cdot "80 " {m} slash {s rSup { size 8{2} } } right ) left ( { {"38" cdot "0 cm"} over {4 cdot "00 cm"} } - 1 right ) {} # = {underline {"407"" N"}} {}} } {}

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Two muscles in the back of the leg pull on the Achilles tendon as shown in [link] . What total force do they exert?

An Achilles tendon is shown in the figure. A vertical dotted line is shown at the middle of the top part. Two vectors inclined at twenty degree each with respect to the vertical dotted line are shown.
The Achilles tendon of the posterior leg serves to attach plantaris, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles to calcaneus bone.
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The upper leg muscle (quadriceps) exerts a force of 1250 N, which is carried by a tendon over the kneecap (the patella) at the angles shown in [link] . Find the direction and magnitude of the force exerted by the kneecap on the upper leg bone (the femur).

The figure shows a side view of the bones of a knee and the quadriceps muscle. The upper bone is inclined at fifty five degrees to the horizontal and the tension exerted by the quadriceps muscle is one thousand two hundred and fifty newtons. The tendon from the knee cap to the lower bone is inclined at seventy five degrees below the horizontal. The force in this direction is the same as that provided by the quadriceps.
The knee joint works like a hinge to bend and straighten the lower leg. It permits a person to sit, stand, and pivot.

1.1 × 10 3 N θ = 190 º ccw from positive x axis alignl { stack { size 12{1 "." 1 times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } `N} {} #θ="190"°`"ccw"`"from"`"positive"`x`"axis" {} } } {}

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A device for exercising the upper leg muscle is shown in [link] , together with a schematic representation of an equivalent lever system. Calculate the force exerted by the upper leg muscle to lift the mass at a constant speed. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for static equilibrium in Applications of Statistics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies .

A machine for leg exercise is shown. A wire is tied to a cuff around the lower part of a leg. This wire passes over three pulleys and is connected to a ten kg weight. The tension in the wire is shown near the leg in the direction of the wire. On the leg, a point on knee is shown as the pivot. The distance between the pivot and the point where the wire is tied to the leg is thirty five centimeters. A free-body diagram of the leg, represented as a pole, is shown.
A mass is connected by pulleys and wires to the ankle in this exercise device.
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A person working at a drafting board may hold her head as shown in [link] , requiring muscle action to support the head. The three major acting forces are shown. Calculate the direction and magnitude of the force supplied by the upper vertebrae F V size 12{F rSub { size 8{V} } } {} to hold the head stationary, assuming that this force acts along a line through the center of mass as do the weight and muscle force.

The head of a person working at a drafting board in relaxed position is shown. The inclination of the head is theta to the horizontal and the center of gravity is near the top of the head. The weight of the head is fifty newtons and is acting downward at the center of gravity. Three major forces are shown. The force exerted along the neck is sixty newtons.

F V = 97 N, θ = 59º size 12{F rSub { size 8{V} } ="97"`N,`θ="59"°} {}

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Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
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John Reply
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Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
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emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
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Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
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Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
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Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, College physics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 27, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11406/1.9
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